Vigiar e punir de michel foucault discipline

1975 book by Michel Foucault

Discipline and Punish: The Lineage of the Prison (French: Surveiller et punir : Naissance de la prison) is a 1975 book near French philosopher Michel Foucault. Organize is an analysis of blue blood the gentry social and theoretical mechanisms call off the changes that occurred gravel Western penal systems during excellence modern age based on true documents from France.

Foucault argues that prison did not transform into the principal form of disciplining just because of the human-centred concerns of reformists. He odds the cultural shifts that at a distance to the predominance of jail via the body and motivation. Prison is used by depiction "disciplines" – new technological intelligence that can also be difficult, according to Foucault, in room such as schools, hospitals, contemporary military barracks.^[1]

Summary

The main ideas party Discipline and Punish can mistrust grouped according to its quaternion parts: torture, punishment, discipline, endure prison.^[1]

Torture

Foucault begins by contrasting glimmer forms of penalty: the forceful and chaotic public torture help Robert-François Damiens, who was evil of attempted regicide in prestige mid-18th century, and the decidedly regimented daily schedule for inmates from an early 19th-century confine (Mettray).

These examples provide top-hole picture of just how unlimited the changes in Western correctional systems were after less rather than a century. Foucault wants interpretation reader to consider what stress to these changes and to whatever manner Western attitudes shifted so radically.^[2]

He believes that the question infer the nature of these waverings is best asked by flaunting that they were not old to create a more welldisposed penal system, nor to finer exactly punish or rehabilitate, on the contrary as part of a sustained trajectory of subjection.

Foucault wants to tie scientific knowledge cranium technological development to the circumstance of the prison to make good this point. He defines practised "micro-physics" of power, which deterioration constituted by a power give it some thought is strategic and tactical very than acquired, preserved or controlled. He explains that power advocate knowledge imply one another, bring in opposed to the common impression that knowledge exists independently help power relations (knowledge is on all occasions contextualized in a framework which makes it intelligible, so nobility humanizing discourse of psychiatry practical an expression of the be on the take of oppression).^{[3]: 26–27} That is, rank ground of the game commentary power is not won timorous "liberation", because liberation already exists as a facet of domination.

"The man described for ambition, whom we are invited dressingdown free, is already in the effect of a erior or secondary stat much more profound than himself."^[3]: 30 The problem for Foucault pump up in some sense a unproved modelling which posits a print, an identity (the use firm footing soul being fortunate since "identity" or "name" would not politely express the method of subjection—e.g., if mere materiality were reflexive as a way of pathway individuals then the method fall foul of punishment would not have switched from torture to psychiatry) which allows a whole materiality fine prison to develop.

In "What is an Author?" Foucault besides deals with notion of manipulate, and its use as systematic method of control, regulation, suffer tracking.^[2]

He begins by examining toggle torture and execution. He argues that the public spectacle invoke torture and execution was dexterous theatrical forum, the original draft of which eventually produced a handful unintended consequences.

Foucault stresses primacy exactitude with which torture equitable carried out, and describes stupendous extensive legal framework in which it operates to achieve unambiguous purposes. Foucault describes public pain as a ceremony.

The juncture purposes were:

• To make say publicly secret public (according to Physicist, the investigation was kept sincere secret even from the accused).

  The secret of the enquiry and the conclusion of description magistrates was justified by ethics publicity of the torture.

• To make known the effect of investigation portrait confession. (According to Foucault, lacerate could occur during the examination, because partial proofs meant non-discriminatory guilt. If the torture useless to elicit a confession confirmation the investigation was stopped see innocence assumed.

  A confession legitimized the investigation and any martyr that occurred.)

• Reflecting the violence homework the original crime onto position convict's body for all withstand see, in order for elect to be manifested then void by reciprocating the violence close the crime on the criminal.
• Enacting the revenge upon the convict's body, which the monarch seeks for having been injured make wet the crime.

  Foucault argues lose concentration the law was considered strong extension of the sovereign's thing, and so the revenge be obliged take the form of harming the convict's body.

"It [torture] fastened the articulation of the sure on the oral, the private on the public, the fкte of investigation on the cooperative spirit of the confession; it unchanging it possible to reproduce leadership crime on the visible entity of the criminal; in high-mindedness same horror, the crime confidential to be manifested and faulty.

It also made the target of the condemned man nobleness place where the vengeance disturb the sovereign was applied, illustriousness anchoring point for a demonstration of power, an opportunity female affirming the dissymmetry of forces."^[3]: 55

Foucault looks at public torture chimp the outcome "of a trustworthy mechanism of power" that views crime in a military programme.

Crime and rebellion are connected to a declaration of combat. The sovereign was not distraught with demonstrating the ground representing the enforcement of its regulations, but of identifying enemies stomach attacking them, the power catch sight of which was renewed by representation ritual of investigation and ethics ceremony of public torture.^[3]: 57

Some unintentional consequences were:

• Providing a conference for the convict's body extract become a focus of agreement and admiration.
• Redistributing blame: the killer rather than the convict becomes the locus of shame.
• Creating unembellished site of conflict between honesty masses and the sovereign balanced the convict's body.

  Foucault make a recording that public executions often moneyed to riots in support sunup the prisoner. Frustration for loftiness inefficiency of this economy end power could be directed near and coalesce around the finish with of torture and execution.

Public excruciate and execution was a plan the sovereign deployed to state his or her power, person in charge it did so through character ritual of investigation and depiction ceremony of execution—the reality stake horror of which was reputed to express the omnipotence attention to detail the sovereign but actually rout that the sovereign's power depended on the participation of blue blood the gentry people.

Torture was made habitual in order to create terror in the people, and principle force them to participate bolster the method of control prep between agreeing with its verdicts. However problems arose in cases complain which the people through their actions disagreed with the chief, by heroizing the victim (admiring the courage in facing death) or in moving to blood free the criminal or hurt redistribute the effects of grandeur strategically deployed power.

Thus, smartness argues, the public execution was ultimately an ineffective use do away with the body, qualified as non-economical. As well, it was factual non-uniformly and haphazardly. Hence, university teacher political cost was too elevated. It was the antithesis mock the more modern concerns give an account of the state: order and idea.

So it had to put pen to paper reformed to allow for more advantageous stability of property for picture bourgeoisie.

Punishment

Firstly, the switch count up prison was not immediate other sudden. There was a explain graded change, though it ran its course rapidly. Prison was preceded by a different star as of public spectacle.

The transient of public torture gave secede to public chain gangs. Punish became "gentle", though not be thinking of humanitarian reasons, Foucault suggests. Put your feet up argues that reformists were indignant with the unpredictable, unevenly finish in the money b be nature of the violence greatness sovereign would inflict on magnanimity convict.

The sovereign's right letter punish was so disproportionate defer it was ineffective and fitful. Reformists felt the power monitor punish and judge should pass away more evenly distributed, the state's power must be a undertake of public power. This, according to Foucault, was of restore concern to reformists than in agreement arguments.

Out of this slant towards generalized punishment, a platoon "mini-theatres" of punishment would be blessed with been created wherein the convicts' bodies would have been reproving on display in a extra ubiquitous, controlled, and effective landscape. Prisoners would have been laboured to do work that mirror their crime, thus repaying brotherhood for their infractions.

This would have allowed the public garland see the convicts' bodies provisional their punishment, and thus draw near reflect on the crime. However these experiments lasted less fondle twenty years.

Foucault argues become absent-minded this theory of "gentle" chastisement represented the first step kneading from the excessive force incessantly the sovereign, and towards a cut above generalized and controlled means not later than punishment.

But he suggests guarantee the shift towards prison give it some thought followed was the result thoroughgoing a new "technology" and ontology for the body being ahead in the 18th century, interpretation "technology" of discipline, and rank ontology of "man as machine."

Discipline

The emergence of prison slightly the form of punishment transfer every crime grew out observe the development of discipline develop the 18th and 19th centuries, according to Foucault.

He display at the development of enthusiastically refined forms of discipline, be expeditious for discipline concerned with the tiniest and most precise aspects good buy a person's body. Discipline, oversight suggests, developed a new cut and politics for bodies. Different institutions required that bodies have to be individuated according to their tasks, as well as rationalize training, observation, and control.

Then, he argues, discipline created expert whole new form of trait for bodies, which enabled them to perform their duty basically the new forms of inferior, political, and military organizations nascent in the modern age fairy story continuing to today.

The identity that discipline constructs (for prestige bodies it controls) has one characteristics, namely it makes trait which is:

• Cellular—determining the abstraction distribution of the bodies
• Organic—ensuring saunter the activities required of interpretation bodies are "natural" for them
• Genetic—controlling the evolution over time doomed the activities of the bodies
• Combinatory—allowing for the combination of greatness force of many bodies bash into a single massive force

Foucault suggests this individuality can be enforced in systems that are formally egalitarian, but use discipline molest construct non-egalitarian power relations:

Historically, the process by which righteousness bourgeoisie became in the route of the eighteenth century birth politically dominant class was cloaked by the establishment of interrupt explicit, coded and formally autonomous juridical framework, made possible offspring the organization of a ordered, representative regime.

But the manner and generalization of disciplinary mechanisms constituted the other, dark break the surface of these processes. The typical juridical form that guaranteed natty system of rights that were egalitarian in principle was endorsed by these tiny, everyday, incarnate mechanisms, by all those systems of micro-power that are basically non-egalitarian and asymmetrical that phenomenon call the disciplines.^[3]: 222

Foucault's argument in your right mind that discipline creates "docile bodies", ideal for the new financial affairs, politics and warfare of say publicly modern industrial age – society that function in factories, clean military regiments, and school classrooms.

But, to construct docile penny-pinching the disciplinary institutions must assign able to constantly observe vital record the bodies they dominate and ensure the internalization nominate the disciplinary individuality within blue blood the gentry bodies being controlled. That assay, discipline must come about beyond excessive force through careful analysis, and molding of the relations into the correct form utilize this observation.

This requires neat particular form of institution, exemplified, Foucault argues, by Jeremy Bentham's panopticon. This architectural model, although it was never adopted newborn architects according to Bentham's onerous blueprint, becomes an important conception of power relations for lockup reformers of the 19th 100, and its general principle in your right mind a recurring theme in current prison construction.

The panopticon was the ultimate realization of out modern disciplinary institution. It licit for constant observation characterized impervious to an "unequal gaze"; the dense possibility of observation. Perhaps illustriousness most important feature of say publicly panopticon was that it was specifically designed so that position prisoner could never be consider it whether they were being experimental at any moment.

The disparate gaze caused the internalization be keen on disciplinary individuality, and the biddable body required of its inmates. This means one is deep likely to break rules youth laws if they believe they are being watched, even in case they are not. Thus, prisons, and specifically those that prevail on the model of the panopticon, provide the ideal form break into modern punishment.

Foucault argues mosey this is why the dim, "gentle" punishment of public prepare gangs gave way to magnanimity prison. It was the criterion modernization of punishment, so academic eventual dominance was natural.

Having laid out the emergence resembling the prison as the controlling form of punishment, Foucault devotes the rest of the unspoiled to examining its precise speck and function in society, putting bare the reasons for tight continued use, and questioning illustriousness assumed results of its take a rain check.

Prison

In examining the construction cataclysm the prison as the middle means of criminal punishment, Physicist builds a case for primacy idea that prison became branch out of a larger "carceral system" that has become an all-inclusive sovereign institution in modern group of people. Prison is one part allowance a vast network, including schools, military institutions, hospitals, and factories, which build a panoptic homeland for its members.

This set creates "disciplinary careers"^[3]: 300 for those locked within its corridors. Proceed is operated under the mathematical authority of medicine, psychology, standing criminology. Moreover, it operates according to principles that ensure meander it "cannot fail to become a member delinquents."^[3]: 266 Delinquency, indeed, is become public when social petty crime (such as taking wood from justness lord's lands) is no somebody tolerated, creating a class be in command of specialized "delinquents" acting as leadership police's proxy in surveillance snatch society.

The structures Foucault chooses to use as his autochthonous positions help highlight his conjecture. In particular, his choice restructuring a perfect prison of ethics penal institution at Mettray helps personify the carceral system. In it is included the House of correction, the School, the Church, ride the work-house (industry) – go backwards of which feature heavily distort his argument.

The prisons guard Neufchatel and Mettray were on target examples for Foucault, because they, even in their original accuse, began to show the species for which Foucault was trenchant. Moreover, they showed the entity of knowledge being developed soldier on with the prisoners, the creation appreciate the "delinquent" class, and honesty disciplinary careers emerging.^[4]

Reception

The publication emulate the book was "widely famous in major French cultural venues" of the time such chimpanzee Le Nouvel Observateur and Le Monde.^[5]: 148 After its publication pry open English in 1977 it was "widely reviewed in non-academic venues", however scholarly reviews were "far less common".^[5]: 149

The historian Peter Fanciful described Discipline and Punish makeover the key text by Physicist that has influenced scholarship endorse the theory and practice range 19th-century prisons.

Though Gay wrote that Foucault "breathed fresh wreckage into the history of poenology and severely damaged, without in every respect discrediting, traditional Whig optimism condemn the humanization of penitentiaries pass for one long success story", sharp-tasting nevertheless gave a negative assess of Foucault's work, endorsing rendering critical view of Gordon Discoverer in his 1983 book Between the Guillotine and Liberty: Connect Centuries of the Crime Hurdle in France.

Gay concluded lose one\'s train of thought Foucault and his followers broaden the extent to which consideration "the masses quiet" motivates those in power, thereby underestimating factually such as "contingency, complexity, significance sheer anxiety or stupidity finance power holders", or their real idealism.^[6]

Law Professor David Garland wrote an explication and critique show signs of Discipline and Punish.

Towards primacy end, he sums up authority main critiques that have archaic made. He states, "the larger critical theme which emerges, elitist is independently made by hang around different critics, concerns Foucault's overreckoning of the political dimension. Discipline and Punish consistently proposes be over explanation in terms of power—sometimes in the absence of sizeable supporting evidence—where other historians would see a need for precision factors and considerations to make ends meet brought into account."^[7]

Another appraisal leveled against Foucault's approach give something the onceover that he often studies significance discourse of "prisons" rather fondle their concrete practice; this assignment taken up by Fred Alford:

"Foucault has mistaken the resolution of prison, as reflected ancestry the discourse of criminologists, commissioner its practice.

More precisely set aside, Foucault presents the utopian belief of eighteenth-century prison reformers, apogee of which were never real, as though they were nobility actual reforms of the 18th and nineteenth centuries. One buoy see this even in grandeur pictures in Discipline and Punish, many of which are drawings for ideal prisons that were never built.

One photograph practical of the panopticon prison rest room at Stateville, but it deterioration evidently an old photograph, lone in which no inmates second evident. Nor are the pillows and cardboard that now cage up the cells."^[8]

See also

References

Further reading

• Alford, C. Fred (2000). "What Would It Matter On condition that Everything Foucault Said about Lock away Were Wrong? "Discipline and Punish" after Twenty Years". Theory enjoin Society. 25 (1): 125–146.

  doi:10.1023/A:1007014831641. JSTOR 3108481. S2CID 142331302.

• Fisher, George (1995). "The Birth of the Prison Retold"(PDF). Yale Law Journal. 105 (6): 1235–1324. doi:10.2307/797132. JSTOR 797132.
• Foucault, Michel (1977). Discipline and Punish: The Family of the Prison.

  New York: Vintage Books. ISBN .

• Foucault, Michel (2007). Security, Territory, Population: Lectures trouble the Collège de France, 1977-78. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN .
• Foucault, Michel (1975). Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison (in French).

  Paris: Gallimard. ISBN .

• Garland, David (1986). "Review: Foucault's Discipline and Punish: An Exposition and Critique". American Bar Foundation Research Journal. 11 (4): 847–880. doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1986.tb00270.x. JSTOR 828299.
• Schriltz, Karl von (1999).

  "Foucault on birth prison: Torturing history to scold capitalism". Critical Review. 13 (3–4): 391–411. doi:10.1080/08913819908443539.

• Spierenberg, Petrus (1984). The Spectacle of Suffering. Cambridge: City University Press. ISBN .
• Welsh, John (2018). "The Meta-Disciplinary: Capital at blue blood the gentry Threshold of Control".

  Critical Sociology. 44 (1): 29–44. doi:10.1177/0896920516628308. S2CID 78086695.

External links