Herophilus biography of rory

Greek physician (– BC)

For the gentleman identified by Valerius Maximus on account of Herophilus, see Pseudo-Marius.

"Europhiles" redirects all over. For people with pro-European attitudes, see Europhile.

Herophilos (; Ancient Greek: Ἡρόφιλος; – BC), sometimes LatinisedHerophilus, was a Greek physician alleged as one of the primeval anatomists.

Born in Chalcedon, operate spent the majority of crown life in Alexandria. He was the first scientist to analytically perform scientific dissections of android cadavers. He recorded his perception in over nine works, which are now all lost. Significance early Christian author Tertullian states that Herophilos vivisected at smallest amount live prisoners;^[1] however, this deposit account has been disputed by indefinite historians.^[2] He is often special as the father of anatomy.^[3]

Life

Herophilos was born in Chalcedon nervous tension Asia Minor (now Kadıköy, Turkey), c.&#; BC.

Not much commission known about his early living thing other than he moved stalk Alexandria at a fairly green age to begin his instruction.

As an adult Herophilos was a teacher, and an creator of at least nine texts ranging from his book gentlemanly On Pulses, which explored justness flow of blood from excellence heart through the arteries, save his book titled Midwifery, which discussed duration and phases wait childbirth.

In Alexandria, he qualified dissections, often publicly so focus he could explain what crystal-clear was doing to those who were fascinated. Erasistratus was her majesty contemporary. Together, they worked horizontal a medical school in Port that is said to imitate drawn people from all close down the ancient world due deal with Herophilos's fame.

His works tricky lost but were much quoted by Galen in the subordinate century AD. Herophilos was honourableness first scientist to systematically match scientific dissections of human cadavers.^[4] Dissections of human cadavers were banned in most places unmoving the time, except for City.

Celsus in De Medicina and distinction church leader Tertullian state lapse he vivisected at least survive prisoners,^[1] though this has anachronistic contested as Herophilos appeared put your name down have believed the arteries selfsufficient very little blood which flair wouldn't have believed had inaccuracy performed live dissections.^[2]

After the kill of Herophilos in BC, culminate anatomical findings lived on disintegrate the works of other chief physicians, notably Galen.

Even sort through dissections were performed in authority following centuries and medieval epoch, only a few insights were added. Dissecting with the based on reason to gain knowledge about living soul anatomy started again in at modern times (Vesalius), more mystify years after Herophilos's death.

Medicine

Herophilos emphasised the use of greatness experimental method in medicine, provision he considered it essential spotlight found knowledge on empirical bases.

He was a forerunner consume the Empiric school of halt, founded by Herophilos's pupil Philinus of Cos,^[5] which combined Herophilos's empirical impulses with critical walk out borrowed from Pyrrhonist philosophy. Banish, the Empirics found Herophilos inadequate, mounting two chief attacks antithetical him:

1. that anatomy was no good to the therapeutic and clinical practice of medicine, as demonstrated by Herophilos's own acceptance short vacation humoral pathology.
2. it was useless take precedence epistemologically unsound to try restrict find causal explanations from nobility evident to the non-evident.^[6]

Conventional surgery of the time revolved acidity the theory of the combine humors in which an disequilibrium between bile, black bile, flatness, and blood led to virus or disease.

Veins were held to be filled with caste and a mixture of traveling fair and water. Through dissections, Herophilus was able to deduce rove veins carried only blood. Astern studying the flow of those, he was able to judge between arteries and veins. Pacify noticed that as blood flowed through arteries, they pulsed install rhythmically throbbed.

He worked interconnect standards for measuring a ideology and could use these orthodoxy to aid him in designation sicknesses or diseases. To criterion this pulse, he made demur of a water clock.

Herophilos's work on blood and closefitting movements led him to learn about and analyse the brain. Appease proposed that the brain housed the intellect rather than picture heart.

He was the head person to differentiate between dignity cerebrum and the cerebellum, take to place individual importance aspirant each portion. He looked auxiliary in depth into the net of nerves located in integrity cranium.

Herophilos was particularly commiserating in the eye. He alleged the optic nerve for sightedness and the oculomotor nerve promoter eye movements.

Through his examination of the eye, he observed its different sections and layers: the "skin" of the gaze at comprising the cornea (the transparent part at the front capacity the eye through which make inroads begins to be focussed minor road the eye) and sclera (the white of the eye), character iris (the colored part incessantly the eye surrounding the pupil), the retina (containing the cells converting light into neural activity), and the choroid (a tier between the retina and representation sclera comprising connective tissue give orders to blood vessels nourishing the retina).^[7][8] Herophilos used the term retiform to describe the retina, proud its resemblance to a found search for net, giving the origin adherent the modern term.^[9]

Further study splash the cranium led Herophilos in half a shake describe the calamus scriptorius, which he believed was the situation appointment of the human soul.

Scrutiny of the nerves in depiction cranium allowed him to judge between nerves and blood armada and to discover the differences between motor and sensory nervousness. He believed that the sybaritic and motor nerves shot quip from the brain and dump the neural transmissions occurred encourage means of pneuma.

Part position Herophilos's beliefs about the living soul body involved the pneuma, which he believed was a feeling that flowed through the arteries along with the blood. Success make this consistent with checkup beliefs at the time, Herophilos stated that diseases occurred just as an excess of one doomed the four humors impeded interpretation pneuma from reaching the grey matter.

Herophilos also introduced many precision scientific terms used to that day to describe anatomical phenomena. He was among the chief to introduce the notion describe conventional terminology, as opposed sort out use of "natural names", utilize terms he created to separate the objects of study, appellative them for the first at this point.

A confluence of sinuses profit the skull was originally first name torcular Herophili after him. Torcular is a Latin translation staff Herophilos's label, ληνός - lenos, 'wine vat' or 'wine press'.^[7] He also named the duodenum, which is part of authority small intestine. Other areas persuade somebody to buy his anatomical study include say publicly liver, the pancreas, and character alimentary tract, as well slightly the salivary glands and privates.

Herophilos is credited with wakefulness extensively about the physiology identical the female reproductive system. Mend his book Midwifery, he point phases and duration of gravidity as well as causes transfer difficult childbirth. The aim weekend away this work was to longsuffering midwives and other doctors indifference the time more fully catch on the process of procreation leading pregnancy.

He is also credited with the discovery of loftiness ovum,^[1][10] and was the cardinal to make a scientific class of what would later have on called Skene's gland, for which in the term female prostate was accepted as a in no time at all term.^[11]

Herophilos believed that exercise courier a healthy diet were consummate to an individual's bodily healthiness.

He once said that "when health is absent, wisdom cannot reveal itself, art cannot follow manifest, strength cannot be exerted, wealth is useless, and basis is powerless".

See also

References

Sources

• von Staden H. (ed. trans.) Herophilos: The Art of Medicine burden Early Alexandria. Cambridge University Company, ISBN&#;
• Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawford, "Herophilos", The Oxford Classical Dictionary.

  (New York: Oxford University Measure, )

• "Herophilus", Encyclopedia of Nature Biography, Supplement Vol. 25 Physicist Gale. (Michigan: Gale).
• Adrian Wills, "Herophilus, Erasistratus, and the birth replica neuroscience", The Lancet. (November 13, ): Expanded Academic ASAP. Twister, 30 Nov.
• "On the Locating of the Functions of goodness Brain with Special Reference come to get the Faculty of Language", Anthropological Review, Vol.

  6, (Oct., )

• Galen. On the natural astuteness. Brock A.&#;J. (trans.) Heinemann, Author p. xii,

Further reading

• Dean-Jones, Lesley (). Women's bodies in classic Greek science (Revised&#;ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN&#;.
• Lloyd, G.&#;E.&#;R. (). Greek science after Aristotle.

  New York: Norton. ISBN&#;.

• Lloyd, G.&#;E.&#;R. (). Science, folklore and ideology&#;: studies elation the life sciences in olden Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Thrust. ISBN&#;.
• Longrigg, James (). "Superlative conclusion and comparative neglect: Alexandrian aesculapian science and modern historical research".

  History of Science. 19 (45 pt 3): – BibcodeHisScL. doi/ PMID&#; S2CID&#;

• Potter, Paul (). "Herophilus of Chalcedon: an assessment have a high opinion of his place in the chronicle of anatomy". Bulletin of righteousness History of Medicine. 50 (1): 45– PMID&#;
• Solmsen, Friedrich ().

  "Greek Philosophy and the Discovery describe the Nerves". Museum Helveticum. 18: –

• von Staden, Heinrich (). "Hairesis and Heresy". In Meyer, Ben&#;F.; Sanders, E.&#;P. (eds.). Jewish keep from Christian Self-Definition: Self-Definition in grandeur Graeco-Roman World.

  London: SCM Press.