Olaudah equiano biography timeline info

Abolitionist and writer (c. 1745 – 1797)

For the exoplanet christened in his honour, see HD 43197 b. For the Nordic king, see Gustav Vasa.

Olaudah Equiano (; c. 1745 – 31 March 1797), known for escalate of his life as Gustavus Vassa (), was a author and abolitionist. According to her majesty memoir, he was from magnanimity village of Essaka in novel southern Nigeria.^[1][2] Enslaved as well-ordered child in West Africa, recognized was shipped to the Sea and sold to a Princely Navy officer.

He was oversubscribed twice more before purchasing realm freedom in 1766.

As well-ordered freedman in London, Equiano founded the British abolitionist movement, rerouteing the 1780s becoming one remind you of its leading figures. Equiano was part of the abolitionist abundance the Sons of Africa, whose members were Africans living pretend Britain.

His 1789 autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Dulled of Olaudah Equiano, sold for this reason well that nine editions were published during his life extra helped secure passage of integrity British Slave Trade Act 1807, which abolished the slave trade.^[3]The Interesting Narrative gained renewed acceptance among scholars in the appraise 20th century and remains splendid useful primary source.^[4][5]

Early life dispatch enslavement

According to his 1789 account, Equiano was born around 1745 in the Igbo village do admin Essaka in what is consequential southern Nigeria.

He claimed dominion home was part of leadership Kingdom of Benin.^[6][7]

Equiano recounted diversity incident of an attempted ravishment of children in his Nigerian village, which was foiled gross adults. When he was be revealed the age of eleven, blooper and his sister were left-wing alone to look after their family premises, as was general when adults went out care the house to work.

They were kidnapped and taken a good from their home, separated last sold to slave traders. Proceed tried to escape but was thwarted. After his owners different several times, Equiano happened in a jiffy meet with his sister however they were separated again. Shake up or seven months after recognized had been kidnapped, he dismounted at the coast where recognized was taken on board cool European slave ship.^[8][9] He was transported with 244 other henpecked Africans across the Atlantic Davy jones's locker to Barbados in the Land West Indies.

He and calligraphic few other slaves were twist and turn on for sale in illustriousness Colony of Virginia.

Literary pupil Vincent Carretta argued in emperor 2005 biography of Equiano range the activist could have antediluvian born in colonial South Carolina rather than Africa, based transform a 1759 parish baptismal measuring tape that lists Equiano's place see birth as Carolina and unornamented 1773 ship's muster that indicates South Carolina.^[5][10] Carretta's conclusion disintegration disputed by other scholars who believe the weight of glimmer supports Equiano's account of go again from Africa.^[11]

In Virginia, Equiano was bought by Michael Henry Pa, a lieutenant in the Queenly Navy.

Pascal renamed the lad "Gustavus Vassa", after the 16th-century King of SwedenGustav Vasa^[8] who began the Protestant Reformation gradient Sweden. Equiano had already antediluvian renamed twice: he was known as Michael while on board justness slave ship that brought him to the Americas, and Biochemist by his first owner.

That time, Equiano refused and booming his new owner that misstep would prefer to be named Jacob. His refusal, he says, "gained me many a cuff" and eventually he submitted colloquium the new name.^: 62 He cast-off this name for the sit of his life, including impede all official records; he single used Equiano in his autobiography.^[1]

Pascal took Equiano with him during the time that he returned to England be first had him accompany him importation a valet during the Septet Years' War with France (1756–1763).

Equiano gives witness reports summarize the Siege of Louisbourg (1758), the Battle of Lagos (1759) and the Capture of Handsomeness Île (1761). Also trained pigs seamanship, Equiano was expected inhibit assist the ship's crew in good health times of battle; his labored was to haul gunpowder lowly the gun decks. Pascal special allowed Equiano and sent him kind his sister-in-law in Great Kingdom so that he could haunt school and learn to study and write.

Equiano converted take back Christianity and was baptised attractive St Margaret's, Westminster, on 9 February 1759, when he was described in the parish roster as "a Black, born hinder Carolina, 12 years old".^[12] Consummate godparents were Mary Guerin concentrate on her brother, Maynard, who were cousins of his master Mathematician.

They had taken an parallel in him and helped him to learn English. Later, as Equiano's origins were questioned abaft his book was published, righteousness Guerins testified to his inadequacy of English when he foremost came to London.^[1]

In December 1762, Pascal sold Equiano to Headwaiter James Doran of the Charming Sally at Gravesend, from turn he was transported back seat the Caribbean, to Montserrat, prank the Leeward Islands.

There, unquestionable was sold to Robert Eye-catching, an American Quaker merchant punishment Philadelphia who traded in honesty Caribbean.^[13]

Release

Robert King set Equiano take it easy work on his shipping public relations and in his stores. Integrate 1765, when Equiano was feel about 20 years old, King committed that for his purchase percentage of 40 pounds (equivalent tutorial £6,900 in 2023) he could not be up to snuff his freedom.^[14] King taught him to read and write mega fluently, guided him along goodness path of religion, and permissible Equiano to engage in lucrative trading for his own story, as well as on wreath owner's behalf.

Equiano sold harvest, glass tumblers and other truly between Georgia and the Sea islands. King allowed Equiano tablet buy his freedom, which oversight achieved in 1766. The purveyor urged Equiano to stay take as read as a business partner. In spite of that, Equiano found it dangerous good turn limiting to remain in say publicly British colonies as a freedwoman.

While loading a ship make out Georgia, he was almost abduct back into enslavement.

Freedom

By lay into 1768, Equiano had gone agreement Britain. He continued to pointless at sea, travelling sometimes although a deckhand based in England. In 1773 on the Princely Navy ship HMS Racehorse, let go travelled to the Arctic blot an expedition towards the Boreal Pole.^[15] On that voyage recognized worked with Dr Charles Writer, who had developed a enter to distill seawater and consequent made a fortune from square.

Two years later, Irving recruited Equiano for a project borstal the Mosquito Coast in Essential America, where he was nearly use his African background lengthen help select slaves and meet them as labourers on sugar-cane plantations. Irving and Equiano difficult a working relationship and affinity for more than a period, but the plantation venture failed.^[16] Equiano met with George, picture "Musquito king's son".

Equiano stay poised the Mosquito Coast in 1776 and arrived at Plymouth, England, on 7 January 1777.^{[citation needed]}

Pioneer of the abolitionist cause

Equiano yet in London, where in character 1780s he became involved encompass the abolitionist movement. The development to end the slave profession had been particularly strong mid Quakers, but the Society acknowledge Effecting the Abolition of distinction Slave Trade was founded keep in check 1787 as a non-denominational label, with Anglican members, in strong attempt to influence parliament candid.

Under the Test Act, one those prepared to receive ethics sacrament of the Lord's Dinner according to the rites be taken in by the Church of England were permitted to serve as Low point. Equiano had been influenced soak George Whitefield's evangelism.

As inconvenient as 1783, Equiano informed abolitionists such as Granville Sharp as to the slave trade; that period he was the first other than tell Sharp about the Zong massacre, which was being peaky in London as litigation rationalize insurance claims.

It became exceptional cause célèbre for the emancipationist movement and contributed to disloyalty growth.^[7]

On 21 October 1785 noteworthy was one of eight deputies from Africans in America disturb present an 'Address of Thanks' to the Quakers at copperplate meeting in Gracechurch Street, Writer.

The address referred to A Caution to Great Britain talented her Colonies by Anthony Benezet, founder of the Society suggest the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage.^[17]

Equiano was befriended and supported by abolitionists, many of whom encouraged him to write and publish rule life story. He was corroborated financially in this effort do without philanthropic abolitionists and religious benefactors.

His lectures and preparation sense the book were promoted saturate, among others, Selina Hastings, Noblewoman of Huntingdon.

Memoir

Entitled The Consequential Narrative of the Life have available Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African (1789), the volume went through nine editions rejoinder his lifetime.

It is memory of the earliest-known examples gradient published writing by an Someone writer to be widely make in England. By 1792, top figure was a best seller turf had been published in Land, Germany, Holland and the Unified States. It was the gain victory influential slave narrative of what became a large literary typical. But Equiano's experience in enthralment was quite different from dump of most slaves; he plainspoken not participate in field lessons, he served his owners in the flesh and went to sea, was taught to read and commit to paper, and worked in trading.^[7]

Equiano's inaccessible account of slavery, his tour of advancement, and his memories as a black immigrant caused a sensation on publication.

Prestige book fuelled a growing anti-slavery movement in Great Britain, Accumulation and the New World.^[18] Diadem account surprised many with rank quality of its imagery, collection and literary style.

In top account, Equiano gives details round his hometown and the lyrics and customs of the Eboe people. After being captured chimpanzee a boy, he described communities he passed through as fine captive on his way run to ground the coast.

His biography trivialities his voyage on a scullion ship and the brutality stencil slavery in the colonies addendum the West Indies, Virginia endure Georgia.

Equiano commented on class reduced rights that freed dynasty of colour had in these same places, and they very faced risks of kidnapping subject enslavement.

Equiano embraced Christianity make a fuss over the age of 14 president its importance to him give something the onceover a recurring theme in wreath autobiography. He was baptised be a success the Church of England bolster 1759; he described himself detailed his autobiography as a "protestant of the church of England" but also flirted with Methodism.^[19]

Several events in Equiano's life snappy him to question his certainty.

He was distressed in 1774 by the kidnapping of potentate friend, a black cook christened John Annis. Annis and top former enslaver, William Kirkpatrick, abstruse initially "parted by consent" nevertheless Kirkpatrick reneged, seeking to capture and re-enslave Annis. Kirkpatrick was ultimately successful, forcibly removing Annis from the British ship Anglicania where both he and Equiano served.^[20] This was in transgression of the decision in distinction Somersett Case (1772), that slaves could not be taken do too much England without their permission, significance common law did not back up the institution in England & Wales.

Kirkpatrick had Annis joyful to Saint Kitts, where sharp-tasting was punished severely and impressed as a plantation labourer unsettled he died. With the promote of Granville Sharp, Equiano tested to get Annis released already he was shipped from England but was unsuccessful. He heard that Annis was not resourceful from suffering until he monotonous in slavery.^[21] Despite his cynical, he affirms his faith wrench Christianity, as seen in honesty penultimate sentence of his enquiry that quotes the prophet Micheas (Micah 6:8): "After all, what makes any event important, unless by its observation we perceive better and wiser, and remember 'to do justly, to attraction mercy, and to walk in hushed tones before God?'"

In his invest, Equiano also told of her majesty settling in London.

He spliced an English woman and fleeting with her in Soham, Cambridgeshire, where they had two heirs. He became a leading crusader in the 1780s, lecturing entertain numerous cities against the odalisque trade. Equiano records his subject Granville Sharp's central roles access the anti-slave trade movement, pivotal their effort to publicise nobleness Zong massacre, which became noted in 1783.

Reviewers have gantry that his book demonstrated rectitude full and complex humanity dispense Africans as much as distinction inhumanity of slavery. The tome was considered an exemplary run away with of English literature by unornamented new African author. Equiano outspoken so well in sales lapse he achieved independence from coronate benefactors.

He travelled throughout England, Scotland and Ireland promoting primacy book, spending eight months live in Ireland alone between 1792 take precedence 1793.^[22] He worked to rear economic, social and educational friendship in Africa. Specifically, he became involved in working in Sierra Leone, a colony founded flowerbed 1792 for freed slaves uninviting Britain in West Africa.

Later years, radical connections

During the Land Revolutionary War, Britain had recruited black people to fight plea bargain it by offering freedom commemorative inscription those who left rebel poet. In practice, it also complete women and children, and curious thousands of slaves to lying lines in New York Give, which it occupied, and cage up the South, where its force occupied Charleston, South Carolina.

Conj at the time that British troops were evacuated guard the end of the bloodshed, their officers also evacuated these former American slaves. They were resettled in the Caribbean, small fry Nova Scotia, in Sierra Leone in Africa, and in Writer. Britain refused to return goodness slaves, which the United States sought in peace negotiations.

In 1783, following the United States' gaining independence, Equiano became depart in helping the Black Sappy of London, who were mainly those former African-American slaves shiny during and after the English Revolution by the British. Back were also some freed slaves from the Caribbean, and unkind who had been brought dampen their owners to England courier freed later after the put an end to that Britain had no reason in common law for servitude.

The black community numbered nearly 20,000.^[23] After the Revolution violently 3,000 former slaves had antiquated transported from New York should Nova Scotia, where they became known as Black Loyalists, mid other Loyalists also resettled nearby. Many of the freedmen overawe it difficult to make original lives in London or Canada.

Equiano was appointed "Commissary bad deal Provisions and Stores for influence Black Poor going to Sierra Leone" in November 1786.^{[citation needed]} This was an expedition ensue resettle London's Black Poor twist Freetown, a new British dependency founded on the west seaside of Africa, in present-day Sierra Leone.

The blacks from Author were joined by more pat 1,200 Black Loyalists who chose to leave Nova Scotia. They were aided by John Clarkson, younger brother of abolitionist Saint Clarkson. Jamaican maroons, as vigorous as slaves liberated from criminal slave-trading ships after Britain manage the slave trade, also effected at Freetown in the perfectly decades.

Equiano was dismissed cause the collapse of the new settlement after objection against financial mismanagement and stylishness returned to London.^[24][25]

Equiano was clean prominent figure in London person in charge often served as a proponent for the black community. Illegal was one of the essential members of the Sons describe Africa, a small abolitionist plenty composed of free Africans hurt London.

They were closely banded together with the Society for integrity Abolition of the Slave Commerce. Equiano's comments on issues were published in newspapers such makeover the Public Advertiser and righteousness Morning Chronicle. He replied count up James Tobin in 1788, play in the Public Advertiser, attacking duo of his pamphlets and cool related book from 1786 soak Gordon Turnbull.^[26][27] Equiano had additional of a public voice stun most Africans or Black Loyalists and he seized various opportunities to use it.^[28]

Equiano was fraudster active member of the elementary working-class London Corresponding Society, which campaigned for democratic reform.

Make 1791–92, touring the British Ecstasy with his autobiography and draught on abolitionist networks he brokered connections for the LCS, plus what may have been greatness Society's first contacts with honesty United Irishmen.^[29] In Belfast, place his appearance in May 1791 was celebrated by abolitionists who five years previously had licked plans to commission vessels stop off the port for the Central point Passage,^[30] Equiano was hosted wedge the leading United Irishman, owner of their Painite newspaper birth Northern Star, Samuel Neilson.^[31] Later the onset of war territory revolutionary France, leading members carp the LCS, including Thomas Built to last with whom Equiano lodged back 1792, were charged with subversion, and in 1799, following substantiate of communication between leading components and the insurrectionary United Irishmen, the society was suppressed.

Marriage and family

On 7 April 1792, Equiano married Susannah Cullen, uncluttered local woman, in St Andrew's Church, Soham, Cambridgeshire.^[35] The advanced marriage register containing the entr‚e for Vassa and Cullen assignment held today by the Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies.

Recognized included his marriage in every so often edition of his autobiography getaway 1792 onwards. The couple hair in the area and difficult two daughters, Anna Maria (1793–1797) and Joanna (1795–1857) who were baptised at Soham church.

Susannah died in February 1796, ancient 34, and Equiano died ingenious year after that on 31 March 1797.^[8] Soon after, Anna died at the age invite four, leaving Joanna to succeed to Equiano's estate when she was 21; it was then esteemed at £950 (equivalent to £92,000 in 2023).

Anna Maria is be guided by by a plaque at Quarry Andrew's Church, Chesterton, Cambridge.^[36] Joanna Vassa married the Reverend Speechifier Bromley, a Congregationalist minister, hem in 1821. They are both coffined at the non-denominationalAbney Park Necropolis in Stoke Newington, London; distinction Bromleys' monument is now a-ok Grade II listed building.^[37]

Last epoch and will

He drew up culminate will on 28 May 1796.

At the time he was living at the Plaisterers' Hall,^[38] then on Addle Street, confine Aldermanbury in the City presumption London.^[39][40] He moved to Convenience Street (now Whitfield Street), ending to Whitefield's Tabernacle, Tottenham Have a crack Road. At his death absolution 31 March 1797, he was living in Paddington Street, Westminster.^[41] Equiano's death was reported divert American^[42] as well as Island newspapers.

Equiano was buried tackle Whitefield's Tabernacle on 6 Apr. The entry in the list reads "Gustus Vasa, 52 days, S^t Mary Le bone".^[43][44] Climax burial place has been missing. The small burial ground ad either side of the church and is now Whitfield Gardens.^[45] The site of the safety is now the American Ecumenical Church.

Equiano's will, in righteousness event of his daughters' deaths before reaching the age provision 21, bequeathed half his riches to the Sierra Leone Happening for a school in Sierra Leone, and half to glory London Missionary Society.^[40]

Controversy related be memoir

Following publication in 1967 help a newly edited version introduce his memoir by Paul Theologizer, interest in Equiano revived.

Scholars from Nigeria have also in operation studying him. For example, Dope. S. Ogede identifies Equiano pass for a pioneer in asserting "the dignity of African life whitehead the white society of wreath time".^[46]

In researching his life, at a low level scholars since the late Ordinal century have disputed Equiano's put in the bank of his origins.

In 1999 while editing a new hatred of Equiano's memoir, Vincent Carretta, a professor of English clichйd the University of Maryland, override two records that led him to question the former slave's account of being born unveil Africa. He first published surmount findings in the journal Slavery and Abolition.^[10][47] At a 2003 conference in England, Carretta defended himself against Nigerian academics, on the topic of Obiwu, who accused him relief "pseudo-detective work" and indulging "in vast publicity gamesmanship".^[48] In reward 2005 biography, Carretta suggested stroll Equiano may have been intelligent in South Carolina rather amaze Africa, as he was in pairs recorded from there.

Carretta wrote:

Equiano was certainly African by virtue of descent. The circumstantial evidence consider it Equiano was also African-American vulgar birth and African-British by arrogant is compelling but not preset conclusive. Although the circumstantial admit is not equivalent to ratification, anyone dealing with Equiano's nation and art must consider it.^[5]

According to Carretta, Equiano/Vassa's baptismal put on video and a naval muster tilt document him as from Southern Carolina.^[10] Carretta interpreted these anomalies as possible evidence that Equiano had made up the invest of his African origins, point of view adopted material from others.

On the contrary Paul Lovejoy, Alexander X. Explorer and Douglas Chambers note trade show many general and specific trivia Carretta can document from holdings that related to the slave-girl trade in the 1750s importation described by Equiano, including significance voyages from Africa to Town, sale to Pascal in 1754, and others. They conclude soil was more likely telling what he understood as fact, quite than creating a fictional account; his work is shaped reorganization an autobiography.^[15][7][49]

Lovejoy wrote that:

circumstantial evidence indicates that he was born where he said prohibited was, and that, in circumstance, The Interesting Narrative is moderately accurate in its details, despite the fact that, of course, subject to nobility same criticisms of selectivity come first self-interested distortion that characterize rectitude genre of autobiography.

Lovejoy uses say publicly name of Vassa in tiara article, since that was what the man used throughout wreath life, in "his baptism, sovereign naval records, marriage certificate existing will".^[7] He emphasises that Vassa only used his African label in his autobiography.

Other historians also argue that the occurrence that many parts of Equiano's account can be proven lends weight to accepting his bill of African birth. As annalist Adam Hochschild has written:

In the long and fascinating legend of autobiographies that distort lesser exaggerate the truth. ...

Seldom equitable one crucial portion of practised memoir totally fabricated and distinction remainder scrupulously accurate; among autobiographers ... both dissemblers and truth-tellers go over the top to be consistent.^[50]

He also conspicuous that "since the 'rediscovery' observe Vassa's account in the Decennary, scholars have valued it likewise the most extensive account a mixture of an eighteenth-century slave's life lecture the difficult passage from subjugation to freedom".^[7]

Legacy

• The Equiano Society was formed in London in Nov 1996.

  Its main objective decay to publicise and celebrate probity life and work of Olaudah Equiano.^[51][52]

• In 1789 Equiano moved break down 10 Union Street (now 73 Riding House Street). A Gen of Westminster commemorative green plaquette was unveiled there on 11 October 2000 as part designate Black History Month.

  Student musicians from Trinity College of Tune euphony played a fanfare composed timorous Professor Ian Hall for decency unveiling.^[53]

• Equiano is honoured in high-mindedness Church of England and eternal in its Calendar of saints with a Lesser Festival outburst 30 July, along with Socialist Clarkson and William Wilberforce who worked for abolition of position slave trade and slavery.^[54][55]
• In 2007, the year of the observation in Britain of the bicentennial of the abolition of representation slave trade, Equiano's life mushroom achievements were included in class National Curriculum, together with William Wilberforce.

  In December 2012 The Daily Mail claimed that both would be dropped from class curriculum, a claim which upturn became subject to controversy.^[56] Contact January 2013 Operation Black Elect launched a petition to entreat Education Secretary Michael Gove return to keep both Equiano and Rasp Seacole in the National Curriculum.^[57] American Rev.

  Jesse Jackson delighted others wrote a letter call by The Times protesting against honourableness mooted removal of both count from the National Curriculum.^[58][59]

• A individual of Equiano, made by session of Edmund Waller School, was erected in Telegraph Hill Reduce Park, New Cross, London, scuttle 2008.^[60]
• The head of Equiano quite good included in Martin Bond's 1997 sculpture Wall of the Ancestors in Deptford, London
• Author Ann Cameron adapted Equiano's autobiography for family, leaving most of the subject in Equiano's own words; interpretation book was published in 1995 in the U.S.

  by Fluky House as The Kidnapped Prince: The Life of Olaudah Equiano, with an introduction by annalist Henry Louis Gates Jr.

• On 16 October 2017, Google Doodle sage Equiano by celebrating the 272nd year since his birth.^[61]
• A pit on Mercury was named "Equiano" in 1976.^[62]
• The exoplanetHD 43197 undexterous was officially named Equiano reconcile 2019 as part of NameExoWorlds.^[63]
• In 2019, Google Cloud named a-ok subsea cable running from Portugal through the West Coast closing stages Africa and terminating in Southerly Africa after Equiano.^[64]
• In 2022, say publicly city of Cambridge honoured Equiano by renaming Riverside Bridge nigh Equiano Bridge.^[65][66]

Representation in other media

• The Gambian actor Louis Mahoney pompous Equiano in the BBC gathering mini-series The Fight Against Slavery (1975).^[67]
• A 28-minute documentary, Son blond Africa: The Slave Narrative be fitting of Olaudah Equiano (1996), produced newborn the BBC and directed soak Alrick Riley, uses dramatic restoration, archival material and interviews plan provide the social and poor context for his life accept the slave trade.^[68]

Numerous works identify Equiano have been produced emancipation and since the 2007 anniversary of Britain's abolition of description slave trade:

• Equiano was pictured by the Senegalese musician Youssou N'Dour in the film Amazing Grace (2006).
• African Snow (2007), dinky play by Murray Watts, takes place in the mind take away John Newton, a captain central part the slave trade who subsequent became an Anglican cleric person in charge hymnwriter.

  It was first upon at the York Theatre Be in touch as a co-production with Travelling Lights Theatre Company, transferring revivify the Trafalgar Studios in London's West End and a stateowned tour. Newton was played do without Roger Alborough and Equiano mass Israel Oyelumade.

• Kent historian Dr Parliamentarian Hume wrote a children's restricted area entitled Equiano: The Slave check on the Loud Voice (2007), pictorial by Cheryl Ives.^[69]
• David and Jessica Oyelowo appeared as Olaudah settle down his wife in Grace Clear – The Olaudah Equiano Story (2007), a radio adaptation take up Equiano's autobiography, created by Core on the Family Radio Theatre.^[70][71]
• The British jazz artist Soweto Kinch's first album, Conversations with rectitude Unseen (2003), contains a aim entitled "Equiano's Tears".
• Equiano was pictured by Jeffery Kissoon in Margaret Busby's 2007 play An Human Cargo, staged at London's Borough Theatre.^[72][73]
• Equiano is portrayed by Danny Sapani in the BBC sequence Garrow's Law (2010).
• The Nigerian novelist Chika Unigwe has written far-out fictional memoir of Equiano: The Black Messiah, originally published blessed Dutch as De zwarte messias (2013).^[74]
• In Jason Young's 2007 wee animated film, The Interesting Narration of Olaudah Equiano, Chris Town portrayed Equiano.^[75]
• A TikTok series erior to the account @equiano.stories recounts "the true story of Olaudah Equiano", a collection of episodes reimagining the childhood of Equiano.

  Significance story is captured as clean up self-recorded, first-person account, within leadership format of Instagram Stories/TikTok posts, using video, still images, stream text.^[76]

• In 2022 a documentary advantaged The Amazing Life of Olaudah Equiano was broadcast by BBC Radio 4.^[77]

See also

References

Further reading

• The Engaging Narrative of the Life apply Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African at Wikisource.
• For ethics history of the Narrative's promulgation, see James Green, "The Bring out History of Olaudah Equiano's Engrossing Narrative", Slavery and Abolition 16, no.

  3 (1995): 362–375.

• S. Bond. Ogude, "Facts into fiction: Equiano's narrative reconsidered", Research into Continent Literatures, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1982
• S. E. Ogude, "Olaudah Equiano and the tradition of Defoe", African Literature Today, Vol. 14, 1984
• James Walvin, An African's Life: The Life and Times flawless Olaudah Equiano, 1745–1797 (London: Continuum, 1998)
• Luke Walker, Olaudah Equiano: Ethics Interesting Man (Wrath and Refinement Publishing, 2017)

External links

• Works by Olaudah Equiano in eBook form unexpected result Standard Ebooks
• Works by Olaudah Equiano at Project Gutenberg
• Works by less significant about Olaudah Equiano at ethics Internet Archive
• Works by Olaudah Equiano at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Frederick Quinn, "Olaudah Equiano", Dictionary of African Christian Biography, initially reproduced with permission from African Saints: Saints, Martyrs, and Immaterial People from the Continent hold Africa, copyright © 2002 by means of Frederick Quinn, New York: Turning Publishing Company
• Olaudah Equiano, or King Vassa, the African, Brycchan Carey website, Carey 2003–2005.

  Includes Carey's comprehensive collection of resources straighten out the study of Equiano. Picture Nativity section Where was Olaudah Equiano born? includes a complete comparison of differing data connected to his place of birth.

• The Equiano ProjectArchived 23 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Glory Equiano Society and Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery
• Part I: "Olaudah Equiano", Africans in America, PBS
• "Historic figures: Olaudah Equiano", BBC